英検1級に出そうな単語-Why Mold Is So Hard To Kill
今回は"mold;鋳型、かたどる"の
のもう一つの意味
"mold;カビ"
です。
カビの名前以外は重要な単語です。
こんなに多くのカビがいるんでしょうか、
恐ろしい。
"penicillium;青カビ"
"aspergillus;麹カビ"
"toxin;毒素"
"fungus;菌類"
"filament;フィラメント、糸状、花糸"
"stale;新鮮でない、古くなった"
"rotten;腐った、不潔な"
"digestive;消化の"→"digest;消化する、会得する、要約する"
"enzyme;酵素"
"soak up;吸収する"
"mycologist;菌類学者"→"mycology;菌類学"
"maven;大御所、物知り、専門家"
"fuzzy;けばだった、不鮮明な"
"moldy;かびた、古臭い"
"organism;微生物、有機体"
"incredibly;信じられないほど"
"drywall;石壁"
"pore;毛穴、気孔"
"stalk;茎、柄"
"microscopic;微視的、ごく小さい"
"spore;胞子、種子、因子"
"cubic meter;立方メートル"
"visualize;視覚化する、思い描く"
"mind-blowing;びっくりするような、ショッキングな"
"petri dish;ペトリ皿"
"agar;寒天、寒天培地"
"disgusting;非常に不快な、嫌な"
"diverse;多様な"
"assemblage;集団、集会、組み立て"
"cladosporium, stachybotrys;黒カビの一種"
"propulsion;推進"
"clatter;がたがた鳴らす"
"allergic;アレルギー性の"→"allergy;アレルギー"
"trigger;きっかけとなる、引き起こす"
"asthma;喘息"
"mycotoxins;マイコトキシン"
"airborne;空輸の、風媒の"
"cognitive;認識の"
"high doses of;大量の"→"dose;薬一服"
"potentially;潜在的に"
"penetrance;浸透度、浸透率"
"neurotoxin;神経毒"
"palladium;パラジウム"
"immunosuppressive;免疫抑制の"
"adorable;かわいらしい、ほれぼれするような"
"citric;クエン酸の"→"citric acid;クエン酸"
"preservative;防腐の、保存の、保存力のある"
"additive;添加物"
"fight off;撃退する、寄せ付けない"
"infection;感染症、感染"
"straight-up;正しい、真実の、正直に"
"gross;大きい、全体の、粗末な、下品な、鈍い、粗食の"
全文
00:03
mold the good and the bad
00:08
penicillium notatum for example give
00:11
rise to the drug penicillin which by
00:14
some estimates has saved at least 200
00:16
million human lives while other molds
00:19
like Aspergillus flavus produce toxins
00:22
that can harm and even kill you but
00:24
whether or not you wanted around mold is
00:27
everywhere in fact you're likely
00:30
breeding it in right now and there's
00:33
pretty much nothing you can do to get
00:35
rid of it mold is a fungus like
00:40
mushrooms and it's made up of thousands
00:43
of thread like filaments called hyphy it
00:45
uses those filaments like roots to feed
00:48
- extend into your stale bread or rotten
00:52
tomato and start releasing digestive
00:54
enzymes which are actually similar to
00:57
the enzymes in our stomachs molds digest
01:00
their food just like we do except if you
01:02
were a mold it would be more like just
01:05
laying your face in your food and
01:07
soaking up the food through your skin
01:09
that's Kathy Hodge a mycologist
01:11
and mold maven at Cornell University she
01:14
says that by the time you actually see
01:16
that fuzzy mold hyphy are already hard
01:19
at work deep below the surface so
01:21
cutting out the moldy part does little
01:24
to harm the entire organism just like
01:26
ripping off leaves doesn't kill a plant
01:28
what's worse is that molds have an
01:31
incredibly broad diet yes they love
01:34
bread but some species also love dead
01:36
skin soap and even the paper covering
01:39
drywall that's according to Nicolas
01:42
money who has authored several books on
01:44
fungus there's a good food source for
01:46
these moles lying beneath the paint so
01:48
when not struck she gets wet BAM they'll
01:50
go for it but if there's one thing that
01:52
makes mold so difficult to manage it's
01:55
this spores spores are like seeds which
01:59
moulds use to reproduce they'll produce
02:01
these aerial structures like little
02:03
little stalks all microscopic and then
02:05
they'll form spores at the tips of those
02:07
stalks and then in response to airflow
02:09
those
02:10
fools will be carried that they'll get
02:11
up into the atmosphere a single mold can
02:14
make hundreds of thousands of spores so
02:17
it's no surprise that mold counts in
02:19
cities like Chicago can be as high as a
02:21
hundred and twenty-five thousand spores
02:23
per cubic meter you've got millions of
02:26
tons of these falls in the atmosphere
02:27
doesn't look like it right but yeah if
02:28
you could really if you could visualize
02:30
that it would be mind-blowing absolutely
02:33
and they're not just outside they're in
02:36
your home they're everywhere to show you
02:39
what I mean I set up a little experiment
02:41
in my apartment all a high school
02:43
biology
02:44
these are petri dishes and they are
02:46
filled with what's called agar which is
02:48
essentially a growth medium for mold so
02:51
I'm very excited to place them around my
02:54
apartment and see what kinds of mold
02:56
will grow in them I put one by my bed
02:58
another by the window and one in my
03:01
bathroom and I left them open for about
03:03
an hour to collect spores a week later
03:07
they looked like this yeah I'm not sure
03:11
if it's beautiful or absolutely
03:13
disgusting the dish by the window had
03:16
the most diverse assemblage about ten
03:18
species most of which are just common
03:20
indoor molds according to Professor
03:22
Hodge and the one by my bed you know
03:24
where I sleep
03:26
wasn't exactly empty now this seems
03:29
terrifying but is it so at least one of
03:33
the molds I collected is likely
03:34
cladosporium and according to money a
03:37
fast propulsion of the human species is
03:40
actually reactive to clatter spore 'i'm
03:42
in other words if we get enough of the
03:44
spores of klaris for him in our lungs
03:46
that they'll create some kind of an
03:48
allergic reaction and high mold counts
03:50
can also trigger asthma he says but it
03:52
actually gets worse you see some molds
03:55
produce nasty chemicals called
03:57
mycotoxins such as stachybotrys or black
04:01
mold stachybotrys make airborne toxins
04:05
and they seem to also affect our health
04:08
even our cognitive abilities are
04:11
sometimes affected by high doses of mold
04:14
toxins and it's actually these
04:16
mycotoxins that make moldy food
04:18
potentially dangerous some cheese molds
04:21
are actually toxin
04:25
for example a particular one makes a
04:28
toxin called penetrance that is a
04:30
neurotoxin
04:31
so just eating lots of moldy things
04:34
without knowing what mold is growing on
04:36
them is probably not a great idea but
04:39
here's the thing for mold to actually
04:41
cause you harm there needs to be a lot
04:43
of it even if it's toxin producing so
04:46
most homes like mine are safe and there
04:49
are a lot of molds that we don't want to
04:50
live without I'm not just talking about
04:52
penicillin but molds like Tolley
04:54
palladium and fleadom which is used to
04:57
make an immunosuppressive drug called
04:59
cyclosporine and there's this one this
05:01
is aspergillus niger and some people's
05:04
favorite mold because this mold can you
05:07
see it yeah it's adorable isn't it
05:10
this mold makes almost all the citric
05:13
acid that's produced in the world and
05:15
citric acid is a really common food
05:17
preservative and flavor additive so the
05:20
next time you're drinking soda or
05:22
fighting off an infection think of molds
05:25
they may be impossible to get rid of and
05:28
frankly just straight-up gross but we
05:30
definitely don't want all of them to die
05:34
I'm just assuming that things are gonna
05:37
be grosser in the bathroom near the but
05:40
near the toilet so cool
