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英検1級に出そうな単語-The Search For an HIV Vaccine May Soon Be Over

今回は

"vaccine;ワクチン"

で医療の話題です。

"HIV"

"Human Immunodeficiency Virus;ヒト免疫不全ウイルス"

の略です。

"Immunodeficiency;免疫不全"

"immune;免疫の"と"deficiency;欠陥、欠乏、不足"

からできた語です。

"AIDS;エイズ"は

"Acquired immune deficiency syndrome"で

"acquired;獲得した、後天的な"

"syndrome;症候群"

となります。

 

動画は約6分で、短めです。

医療、生物の単語を含んでいるので選んでみました。

もう一つはHIVがどう感染するかです。

生物学に興味がある人はこちらもおすすめです。

 

"infect;病気をうつす、感染させる"→"infection;感染"

"epidemic;伝染性の、伝染病"

"confound;困惑させる"

"first off;第一に"

"genome;ゲノム、遺伝情報の全て"

"latch onto;しっかり掴む、くっつく、理解する"

→"latch;かけ金、かんぬき、はずれどめ"

"fuse;溶かす、融合させる、導火線、ヒューズ"

"integrate;統合する、統一する"

"genetic;遺伝子の"→"gene;遺伝子"

"bloodstream;血流"

"replicate;複製する、折り曲げる"→"replica;複製、写し"

"untreated;未治療の、未処理の"

"severely;ひどく"

"propagate;増殖させる、伝える、広める"→"propaganda;政治的な宣伝、プロパガンダ"

"tackle;取り組む、対処する"

"interaction;相互作用"

"nucleus;核、主要部"

"therapy;療法"

"lifelong;一生の"→"lifelong learning;生涯学習", "lifelong friend;生涯の友"

"upkeep;保持、維持"

"stigma;汚名、傷痕"

"prevention;防止、予防"

"eradicate;根絶する、撲滅する"

"extraordinary;並外れた、異常な"

"diversity;多様性"

"mutate;変異する"→"mutation;突然変異"

" ID’ed;identify"

"genetically;遺伝的に"

"initiate;始める、伝える"

"collaboration;協力、共同、援助"

"antibody;抗体"

"enroll;登録する、入会する"

"ambitious;野心的な、意欲的な"

"regime;療法、政体、体制"

"based off of;に基づく= based on"

"elicit;引き出す、誘い出す"

"strategy;戦略、計画"

"similarity;類似、類似点"

"correlate with;関連づける"

"optimism;楽観"→"pessimism;悲観"

"formidable;恐るべき、手に負えない、膨大な、非常にすばらしい"

"biomedical;生物医学の"

 

 

www.youtube.com

www.youtube.com

 

全文

 

00:00
HIV is one of the deadliest viruses on the planet, newly infecting about 1.7 million
00:05
people in 2018. Since the early days of the epidemic, the virus itself has confounded
00:11
researchers, who have long been searching for a vaccine to prevent its spread. And after
00:16
years of slow progress, that search may soon be over.
00:20
The epidemic as we now know it, is thought to have started in the mid-to late 1970s,
00:25
but it wasn’t until 1983 that the HIV virus was first identified and isolated. By that
00:31
point, HIV had begun to rapidly spread around the world—and since the epidemic began,
00:36
it’s claimed the lives of over 32 million people.
00:40
To understand why this virus causes so much harm, we first need to know how it invades
00:44
the body. First off, it’s a retrovirus, which is a type of virus that inserts a copy
00:49
of its genome into the DNA of a host cell — in HIV’s case, T-helper cells which
00:55
help our immune system fight off infection. After latching onto the cell, HIV fuses with
01:01
it, integrating its genetic information with the new host’s DNA. The infected cell then
01:07
produces more HIV proteins, which are eventually released into the bloodstream where they continue
01:12
to replicate. If left untreated, HIV severely weakens the immune system’s ability to function
01:17
properly—this final stage of the infection is AIDS.
01:21
And it's precisely the virus’ unique characteristics which allow it to propagate inside the human
01:26
body that also make it so difficult to tackle. “HIV is a remarkably small virus. It has
01:34
few genes comprised in it, regardless of how small and simple it may be, it has very complex
01:42
dynamic interactions with the human immune system.”
01:46
There’s currently a few ways to stop HIV from progressing in its life cycle. Specific
01:51
drugs have been developed that can stop the virus from attaching to T-helper cells, while
01:56
other types of drugs work to prevent the virus from taking control of the cell’s nucleus
02:01
and enter the bloodstream. Called antiretroviral therapy, or ART, this drug combination works
02:07
well, but is expensive and requires lifelong upkeep.
02:10
“In those resource constrained areas or where the stigma of HIV is still a major problem,
02:18
prevention methods that require daily pills may still limit the number of individuals
02:24
who would have access to these. It’s only through the application of very highly effective
02:31
vaccines that we've been able to control an infection that spread around the globe, and
02:38
eventually eradicate that.” But that doesn’t mean developing a vaccine
02:41
is easy. There aren’t many good models to reference for research in humans, which means
02:45
we don’t know what the body’s immune response looks like when trying to protect itself.
02:50
HIV’s extraordinary diversity and ability to rapidly mutate are also huge obstacles
02:55
in getting a grip on the virus. Just recently, researchers announced that they’d ID’ed
03:00
a new strain, the first in 19 years. Despite this, there has been huge progress made in
03:06
the last decade. In 2009, researchers declared that a vaccine
03:09
trial done in Thailand had protected a significant minority of humans against the disease for
03:15
the first time ever. RV144, is a combination of two genetically engineered vaccines, neither
03:21
of which had worked before in humans. “We observed a modest level of efficacy
03:26
over three and a half years—about 30%. So, we have initiated a clinical trial in South
03:33
Africa that is marching along the path to try to confirm these findings from the Thai
03:40
trial and extend those findings through a number of approaches.”
03:45
As the world’s largest publicly-funded international collaboration focused on the development of
03:50
vaccines to prevent HIV and AIDS, HVTN has conducted all phases of clinical trials that
03:56
have involved thousands of people. In addition to two massive trials to test whether giving
04:00
antibodies to patients can protect them from HIV infection, as of this year the group has
04:05
also fully enrolled two similarly ambitious vaccine trials. Called HVTN 702 and 705, these
04:14
regimes were designed to test whether patients given a vaccine can create antibodies on their
04:19
own. Both vary slightly in their approach— 702 is based off of the Thai trial, while
04:25
705 is focusing on overcoming the viruses’ genetic diversity.
04:28
“What's very exciting is that the immune responses elicited by these three different
04:33
vaccine strategies is different within each clinical trial, but there's similarities across
04:40
them. And we're looking for specific immune responses that we will correlate with vaccine
04:45
efficacy, with just a few dozen people that will eventually lead us to a more globally
04:50
effective vaccine that could be used across different populations and routes of exposure.”
04:59
With hopes high, and even higher stakes, the mood of the vaccine research seems to be one
05:03
of cautious optimism. But results of both the 705 and 702 vaccine regimes won’t be
05:10
in until late 2021 and 2022, when the trials are expected to close.
05:14
“They will certainly be a success and that will get a clear answer as to whether or not
05:20
these vaccines worked, but I think we also have to be measured in our expectations. And
05:27
that this is one of the most formidable biomedical challenges we've ever undertaken as a society,
05:35
as a global research community.” If you want to learn more about the search
05:39
for a potential HIV cure, check out this episode of How Close Are We. If you liked this
05:43
video, let us know down in the comments and don’t forget to subscribe for more Seeker.
05:48
As always, thanks for watching, and I’ll see you next time.
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