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英検1級に出そうな単語-How America fails its whistleblowers

今回はアメリカの

"whistleblower;内部告発"

です。

"blower;吹く人、ホラ吹き、送風機"

でホイッスルを吹く人で内部告発です。

 

政府で働くのも怖いですね。

どうしたらよいのでしょう。

動画は聞きやすい女性の声です。

他にもトランプ大統領関連で新しい動画ありました。

 

"classified;極秘の、分類された"→"classify;分類する"

"CIA;Central Intelligence Agency;アメリカ中央情報局"

→"FBI:Federal Bureau of Investigation;連邦捜査局"

"bureau;局"

"Let's say;例えば〜としましょう、仮に"

"taxpayer;納税者"

"shadowy;暗い、はっきりしない"

"personal gain;私益"

"patriotic;愛国的な"→"patriot;愛国者"

"wrongdoing;不正行為、犯罪"

"pull out of;撤退する、手を引く"

"keep one's eye on the ball ;集中する、目を離さない"

"espionage;スパイ活動"

"surveillance;監視、見張り"→"surveillance camera;監視カメラ"

"flee;逃げる"

"prosecute;告訴する、起訴する"→"prosecutor;検事、検察官"

"treacherous;裏切りの、不誠実な、危険な"

"inspector;検査官"→"inspector general;監査長官"

"unprecedented;前例のない、前代未聞の"

"transaction;取引、処理、業務"

"warrant;令状、正当な理由、保証、根拠"

"violating;違法"

"complicit;共犯の"→"accomplice;共犯者"、"complicity;共犯"

"fraught with;困る、はらんでいる"

"peril;危険"

"hair stand on;身の毛がよだつ"→"make one's hair stand on end;身の毛がよだつ"

"retaliation;報復"→"retaliate;報復する、仕返しをする"

"burden;負担、苦しみ"

"impeachment;弾劾、非難、告訴"→"impeach;責める、告発する"

→"peach;密告する、告げ口する"

→"preach;説教する"→"preachment;説教"

"testimony;証言"

"explicit;明白な、露骨な"

"secrecy;秘密、内密"

"vulnerable;傷つきやすい、攻撃されやすい、脆弱な"

 

 

www.youtube.com

www.youtube.com

 

全文

 

00:00
In the United States, around 3 million people work with classified information as part of their job.
00:06
That includes people who work in the military, for government agencies like the CIA,
00:12
or for private companies hired by those agencies.
00:15
Let’s say you are one of those people.
00:18
And you learn something that bothers you.
00:22
Because this is your job, you know that the laws around classified information are serious.
00:27
But let’s say the thing you learn is really bad.
00:31
Maybe a government program is wasting billions of taxpayer dollars.
00:35
Or a federal agency is spying on millions of ordinary Americans.
00:40
Or, the head of your government is making shadowy deals with foreign leaders for personal gain.
00:47
You have a decision to make.
00:49
A sort of “choose your own adventure.”
00:51
But behind each door is a different set of risks.
00:56
If you decide to expose what you’ve learned, that’s called whistleblowing.
01:00
And in the US, it’s often regarded as a brave, patriotic thing to do.
01:05
There are laws to protect it.
01:07
But the reality, for the 3 million people who work with classified information,
01:12
is much more complicated.
01:15
What would you do?
01:19
This is Daniel Ellsberg, an American military analyst in the 1960s.
01:24
Ellsberg learned that the US government had lied to the public about why the US was at war in Vietnam,
01:30
and about how deadly the war was.
01:33
In 1971, he gave 7,000 classified documents that exposed those lies to the New York Times,
01:40
and then to 20 other newspapers.
01:43
Ellsberg took door #1: leaking your evidence of government wrongdoing, directly to the media.
01:49
His leak became known as the “Pentagon Papers.”
01:53
Three years later, the US pulled out of the war.
01:58
But leaking classified information to the media is illegal.
02:02
And in Ellsberg's case, the government made him a target.
02:05
“We've got to keep our eye on the main ball, the main ball is Ellsberg.
02:09
We got to get this son of a bitch.”
02:11
The federal government charged Ellsberg under the Espionage Act, a law from 1917,
02:17
originally written to go after spies working with foreign governments.
02:21
But Ellsberg got lucky.
02:24
It turned out that the government had broken the law by spying on him, and a judge threw out the charges.
02:29
He was free to go.
02:30
But other leakers haven’t been so lucky.
02:33
Chelsea Manning, an American soldier, leaked classified documents to Wikileaks in 2010,
02:39
including evidence that the US had committed war crimes in Iraq.
02:43
She went to prison for 7 years.
02:45
In 2013, the cybersecurity expert Edward Snowden leaked evidence
02:50
of a massive government surveillance program to international newspapers.
02:54
He fled the United States to avoid being prosecuted for espionage.
02:59
Leaking classified information to the media is one common kind of whistleblowing.
03:04
But it’s also illegal, so it's treacherous for those that risk it.
03:08
Fortunately, in the US there’s another option: to go through official, internal channels
03:14
for coming forward with a complaint.
03:16
This is door #2: legal whistleblowing.
03:19
In 1998, the US created a process for people who work with classified information to file complaints:
03:26
First to an inspector general, and then to the director of national intelligence, and
03:31
then on to Congress.
03:33
This is someone who worked in national security at the time.
03:37
His name is Thomas Drake.
03:39
Shortly after September 11th, Drake learned that the National Security Agency was part
03:44
of an unprecedented program inside the federal government, called “Stellar Wind.”
03:49
The program collected emails, phone conversations, financial transactions, and the web activity
03:56
of millions of American citizens, without a warrant.
03:59
What are we doing violating the Constitution?
04:01
I knew that if I remained silent that I would be complicit in a crime.
04:07
Drake considered taking what he knew to the press, but knew it would put him at risk.
04:11
I knew that that was fraught with enormous peril.
04:14
I was extremely familiar what happened to Daniel Ellsberg.
04:17
Luckily, he had a legal route he could follow.
04:20
He brought his concerns to his supervisor, to his own agency’s inspector general’s office,
04:25
and eventually to Congress.
04:27
But his agency told him that no matter what the Constitution said,
04:31
the White House said the program was legal, and that that was good enough for them.
04:35
"I could feel the hair standing up on the back of my neck, because I was thrown back to the 70s, and Nixon.”
04:41
Drake's next problem was that the 1998 law he had been following
04:45
didn’t do anything to protect him against retaliation.
04:49
Drake's identity became public within his agency, and he was gradually pushed out of his job.
04:54
I was increasingly isolated.
04:56
They finally removed me from all positions, all responsibilities, all programs.
05:02
There's no recourse, and no penalty if the agency decides to retaliate against you.
05:08
Finally, after Drake’s complaints went nowhere, he chose a different path.
05:13
He went to the media.
05:14
And because he remembered what happened to Ellsberg, he chose to share unclassified information,
05:20
which meant it was legal.
05:22
But then, in 2010, the Obama administration accused him of violating the Espionage Act,
05:28
the same as Ellsberg, who had leaked classified information.
05:31
"Thomas Drake is charged with violating espionage laws."
05:35
"Prosecutors claimed that Drake had betrayed his country."
05:37
Drake’s case was only the fourth time in history that the Espionage Act
05:42
had been used to prosecute a whistleblower.
05:44
But since the Obama administration, it’s become a lot more common.
05:50
Eventually the case collapsed because Drake did nothing illegal.
05:54
But his career in the government was over.
05:57
Today, he works at an Apple Store.
06:00
The price is enormous.
06:02
I have no retirement.
06:03
That's gone.
06:04
You lose your entire social network, in terms of work.
06:08
There's people who lost their jobs because of their association with me.
06:11
Those are burdens that I will carry with me the rest of my life.
06:15
In August 2019, an officer in the CIA filed a whistleblower complaint
06:20
saying that President Trump was trying to pressure Ukraine to investigate one of his political rivals.
06:26
Just like Drake, the officer followed the process laid out in the law.
06:30
He took the complaint to the inspector general.
06:32
The inspector general took it to the director of national intelligence.
06:36
Then it stopped.
06:38
The director of national intelligence never brought it to Congress.
06:42
So the inspector general went over his head.
06:46
"Deeply disturbing, what we read this morning."
06:48
"I’m announcing the House of Representatives moving forward with an official impeachment inquiry."
06:54
Testimony from witnesses in the impeachment investigation has backed up almost everything
06:59
laid out in the whistleblower complaint.
07:01
And whistleblower protections were updated in 2012 with more explicit language,
07:06
saying the government can’t retaliate against a whistleblower the way they did against Thomas Drake.
07:12
So the whistleblower should be protected.
07:14
But where the laws still fall short is whether it’s a crime to reveal a whistleblower’s identity to the public.
07:21
That’s what the president and his allies are hoping to do next.
07:25
"There’s no law that prevents me from mentioning the name of who’s been said to be the whistleblower."
07:30
"The whistleblower...
07:32
...should be revealed."
07:35
The parts of the government that deal in secrecy are also the least accountable to the public.
07:41
And whistleblowers in those agencies are some of the only ways wrongdoing there might ever come to light.
07:48
But the system fails them.
07:50
And every retaliation sends a clear message.
07:54
If both leaking, and legal whistleblowing, leave government whistleblowers vulnerable,
08:00
this system will push more and more people who know something’s wrong, into door number three:
08:06
doing nothing at all.