英検1級に出そうな単語-Brazil's indigenous land is being invaded
"indigenous people;先住民族"の
権利
"Indigenous rights;先住権"
の話です。
"indigenous;先住民の、土着の、原産の、固有の"
は"pepople", "land", "right"と合わせて覚えておきたいですね。
日本ではあまり話題になりませんが、
難しい問題ですね。
内容も英検にありそうな話で、
単語もちょうどいい難度です。
難しすぎる無駄な単語もありません。
2個め、3個めの動画も短いのでおすすめです。
"rain forest;熱帯雨林"
"encroachment;侵略、浸食"→"encroach;侵略する、侵入する"
"ally;味方、同盟する"
"way of life;生活様式、生き方"
"be intent on～;～に一生懸命になっている、夢中になっている"
"inaccessible;近づきにくい、入手しにくい"
→"accessible;近づきやすい、行きやすい、利用できる"
"forcibly;強制的に、力ずくで、不法に"
"quell;鎮圧する、抑える"
"coup;クーデター"
"dictatorship;独裁"
"genocide;集団虐殺"
"regime;政権、政体"
"constitution;憲法、構成、組織"
"reparation;賠償、賠償金"
"demarcate;境界を定める、一線を画する、区別する"
"logging;伐木"→"logger;きこり"
"mining;採鉱"→"miner;鉱夫"
"downside;下降"
"pasture;牧草地"
"lobby;働きかける、陳情する"
"successor;後任、後継者"→"predecessor;前任者"
"invasion;侵略、侵入"
"rancher;牧場主"
"embolden;大胆にする、勇気づけてさせる"
"tip the scale in one's favor;o(状況を)neの有利にする"
→"tip the scale(or balance);情勢を変化させる"
"oppressive;圧制的な、過酷な"
"endorsement;裏書き、保証"→"endorse;裏書きをする、支持する"
"slash;切る、削除する"
"skyrocket;急増する"
全文
00:25
The Karitiana are an indigenous group in Brazil.
00:29
They live on protected land, deep in the Amazon rainforest.
00:34
When it was established in 1986, it was surrounded by rainforest.
00:38
But today, it’s almost completely surrounded by farms.
00:44
This kind of encroachment is happening across the Amazon.
00:47
Brazil has over 400 protected indigenous lands.
00:51
But its booming agricultural industry has spent the last few decades clearing the rainforest around them.
00:57
Now they want in.
01:00
And they have the perfect ally to help them.
01:16
Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro wants the expansion of farms to continue.
01:21
Even at the expense of protected lands.
01:24
And that's put 900,000 indigenous people at the risk of losing their homes,
01:29
and their way of life.
02:27
At the start of the 20th century, Brazil was
02:28
intent on becoming a modern country.
02:32
Cities along the coast were already being developed.
02:34
But the Amazon, which covers almost half the country, was remote, inaccessible,
02:39
and home to tens of thousands of indigenous people who had lived there for centuries.
02:43
Around the 1920s, Brazil's government pushed an aggressive plan
02:47
to change the shape of the Amazon.
02:49
They brought telegraph lines, roads, schools, and people into the Amazon,
02:53
while forcibly these indigenous groups out of the way.
02:57
"Troops had to be called out in Brasilia
02:59
to quell the bitter protests of thousands,
03:01
through a brief and bloodless military coup."
03:05
Then, in the 1960s, a brutal military dictatorship took over Brazil and carried out genocide
03:10
against indigenous people.
03:11
They took away their lands to build highways, mines and dams across the Amazon.
03:15
During this time, more than 8,300 indigenous people were killed,
03:19
and tens of thousands had lost their homes.
03:26
In 1985, the military regime collapsed and Brazil became a democracy.
03:31
The new constitution included historic reparations for the country’s indigenous people.
03:35
It recognized their culture and traditions.
03:38
And even gave them a way to get their lands back.
03:42
Indigenous groups could claim their traditional territory with a government agency, called
03:46
FUNAI, that would demarcate the borders of a new protected land.
03:49
After final approval from Brazil’s president, FUNAI would then monitor and protect it.
04:16
Soon, protected indigenous lands were being set up all over the Amazon.
04:19
And today they make up around 13% of the country.
04:22
Which includes the Karitiana's land.
04:25
But it wasn’t long before these lands would be threatened again.
04:29
From the 1990s to the 2000s, Brazil’s economy
04:32
was one of the fastest growing in the world - fueled, primarily, by agriculture.
04:37
The country became one of the top producers of beef and soybeans,
04:41
while logging and mining were also significant industries.
04:44
But the economic boom had a downside.
04:46
All of these industries needed more and more land, a lot of which came from the Amazon.
04:52
The rainforest was rapidly cut down in Para, Rondonia, and Mato Grosso states,
04:56
to make room for cattle pastures and farms,
04:58
often leaving the protected indigenous lands as the only forest left.
05:03
Before long, Brazil’s agricultural industry wanted to gain access to these areas too.
05:08
And they found support within the government.
05:11
They lobbied to weaken the rules around protected indigenous lands that they claimed were barriers to progress.
05:17
And their pressure started to show results...
05:20
From 2003 to 2010, President Lula da Silva approved 87 indigenous reserves.
05:25
But his successor, Dilma Rousseff, approved just 21.
05:29
Followed by Michel Temer, who approved only one.
05:32
Rousseff and Temer also cut FUNAI’s funding, which forced the agency to close
05:36
dozens of offices in the Amazon, leaving indigenous people unprotected.
05:41
As FUNAI's power declined, illegal invasions of protected indigenous lands increased.
06:05
By 2017, Brazil's indigenous were under attack.
06:09
Loggers, ranchers, and farmers felt emboldened
06:11
under a government heavily influenced by the agricultural industry.
06:15
And soon, the man leading Brazil's presidential race would further tip the scales in their favor.
06:23
As a former member of the Army during the military regime, he shared many of their
06:27
oppressive political views, especially those towards indigenous groups:
06:53
These words earned him the endorsement of the agricultural industry,
06:56
but deeply worried indigenous groups.
07:29
As soon as Bolsonaro took office, he turned his attention to the indigenous.
07:34
He slashed FUNAI’s budget, and hasn’t approved any new lands.
07:37
In fact, he’s proposed taking away FUNAI’s power to demarcate new lands entirely.
07:42
And he appointed a former police officer, with strong ties to the agriculture industry,
07:46
to lead FUNAI.
07:48
Under Bolsonaro, invasions of indigenous lands have skyrocketed in just the first 9 months of 2019.
07:57
Just ten days after Bolsonaro took office in January 2019,
08:01
40 armed men invaded this land.
08:03
By May, 20,000 illegal miners had invaded the Yanomami reserve.
08:07
And in July, invaders cleared a huge section of forest in the Xikrin land.
08:14
The Karitiana are worried that they could be next.
08:19
Illegal agricultural activities have been happening here,
08:22
right next to the Karitiana land.
08:24
And they've brought actual threats of violence to the people living there.
08:45
In the past, the indigenous groups had FUNAI,
08:47
a protective agency they could turn to for help.
08:50
But now they're left to rely on themselves.
09:30
Hi, thanks for watching the third and final episode of Vox Atlas: the Amazon mini-series.
09:35
My name is Ana Terra Athayde
09:37
and I'm a video journalist based in Brazil.
09:39
I went to the Amazon to report on the ground and to meet with
09:42
the people who provided us with invaluable information.
09:45
I want to thank them all for their time and for sharing their concerns with us.
09:50
Make sure to watch the series' previous videos.
09:53
The first one explains what drives deforestation in the rainforest.
09:56
And in the second video, we take a look at the rubber industry in the Amazon,
10:00
and the work and legacy of Chico Mendes.
10:03
Thanks again for watching.
