英検1級に出そうな単語-History Summarized: Ireland
アイルランドの歴史です。
アイルランドから見ると、イギリスが悪者に感じます。
スコットランドもあるし、
関係は私達が思うより複雑なのかもしれません
政治的、宗教的な語がありました。
特にわけていませんが、
口語的で、スラングもいくつかありました。
最後にst. Patrickの短めの動画、ウィキペディアも付けておきました。
"migration;移住"→"migrant;移民"
"finicky;うるさい、気難しい"≒"fussy;小うるさい、(どっちでもいいことに)細かい"
"embarrass oneself;恥をかく、きまりが悪い"→"embarrass;恥ずかしい思いをさせる"
"subset of;一部分"→"subset;部分集合"
"gaelic;ゲール語"
"literary;文字の、文学の"
"venerate;崇拝する"
"bard;吟遊詩人"
"druid;ドルイド"
"overarching;包括的な"
"unify;統一する、一つにする"
"knot;文様、結び目"
"rad;すばらしい"
"bonkers;狂気の、夢中になる"
"codify;成文化する"
"Christianity;キリスト教"Protestant
"conversion;改宗、転換、変換"
"missionary;宣教師、伝道師"
"consequential;重大な、必然的な"
"amalgamation;融合、合併"→"amalgam;混合物、合成物"
"pagan;非キリスト教徒、異教徒"
"buddy;相棒、仲間"
"syncretism;シンクレティズム"
"coexist;共存する"
"supplant;押しのける、奪い取る"
"monastery;修道院"
"autonomous;自治的な、自主的な"→"autonomous vehicle;自動運転車"
"splinter;割れる、破片"
"jolt;衝撃、動揺"
"groundwork;土台、下地"
"metaphor;メタファー、隠喩"
"woven into;織り込まれる"
"decentralize; 分散させる、地方分権にする"
"fortification;要塞"
"chill out;落ち着く"
"hub;中心、中心地"
"patchy;とぎれとぎれの、寄せ集めの"
"Protestantism;プロテスタント"→"Orthodox;正教徒", "Catholicism;カトリック"
"colonize;植民地にする、入植する"
"beat up;叩きのめす、撹拌する"
"clan;一族、氏族"
"confiscate;没収する、差し押さえる"
"subservient;従属する、へつらう"
"seizure;押収、没収、強奪"
"persecution;迫害"
"advent;出現、到来"
"royalist;君主主義者、王党員"
"extraordinaire;驚異的な"
"forcibly;無理やり"
"evict;追い立てる、立ちのぞかせる"
"repeal;廃止にする、無効にする"
"arguably;間違いなく"
"siphon;吸い上げる"
"exploitative;搾取的な"→"exploitation;摂取、開拓、開発"
"fragile;壊れやすい、もろい"
"precarious;不安定な、危ない"
"nutritional;栄養の"→"nutrition;栄養"
"subsist;食っていく、生きていく"
"staple;食糧、必需品、主要産物"
"blight;荒廃、障害"
"rotten;腐った、不潔な"
"swiftly;すばやく、迅速に"
"ration;食料"
"famine;食糧不足、飢饉"
"overblown;膨れ上がった、拡張された"
"divert;転換する、そらす"
"mercantilism;重商主義"
"materialize;実現する"
"Hedge school;非公式の小さな学校"
"anglican;英国国教徒"
"fiercely;激しく、獰猛に"
"unionist;連合論者、労働組合員"→"連合論者;英国とアイルランドの連合を支持した人"
"paramilitary;民兵組織、準軍事的な、自警団的な"
"insurgent;暴徒、反乱者"→"insurgency;反乱"
"guerrilla;ゲリラ"
"opt to;決める"
"discrimination;差別"
"erupt;吹き出る、噴出する"
"brutality;野蛮、蛮行、残忍な行為"
"volunteer;志願兵、義勇兵"
"casualty;負傷者、死者、災難"
"mandate;委任統治に指定する、権限を与える"
"criminy;おやおや;驚きをあらわすのに使用する"
"enact;制定する"
"reclamation;再生、干拓、埋め立て"
全文
00:00
on the surface the history of Ireland
00:01
seems like the tale of one island
00:03
getting beat up for over a thousand
00:05
years straights and well that's not
00:08
incorrect I'll be honest with you but
00:10
from another perspective it's a story of
00:12
a unique civilization rising from the
00:14
intersection of two very different
00:15
worlds and then remarkably enduring
00:17
through centuries of subjugation and
00:19
hardship when it's all too common to see
00:20
entire cultures wiped from existence
00:22
because of colonial oppression Ireland
00:24
is a very hard-fought counterexample to
00:26
see what makes Ireland's history so
00:28
special and to learn how Irish cultures
00:30
survive to the present day let's do some
00:32
history this video is brought to you by
00:34
audible more on that later our story
00:36
begins with the migration of the Celts
00:38
from Central Europe sometime in the
00:39
fifth two-thirds th centuries BC okay
00:43
look it's an ancient migration all right
00:45
dates are gonna be finicky on this one
00:47
and they settled on this little island
00:48
here which they named Aida after the
00:51
goddess adieu which I may be said right
00:54
I don't know I'm just gonna try and say
00:56
as few Irish names as possible so I
00:57
don't embarrass myself which is where we
00:59
get the name Ireland and speaking of
01:01
language they spoke an early version of
01:03
Irish which is a subset of the Gaelic
01:05
language family which is a subset of the
01:07
Celtic language family not confusing at
01:09
all though Ireland's didn't have a
01:10
written literary tradition the culture
01:12
venerated storytelling bards as well as
01:14
druids who were priests like figures
01:16
that doubled as historians judges and
01:18
even doctors another popular profession
01:20
in Ireland was surprisingly enough King
01:22
because there was no overarching central
01:24
authority so Ireland usually had
01:26
somewhere around 150 local to otha that
01:28
each had their own King and there were
01:30
no cities at this point either so people
01:32
just clustered into groups on available
01:33
farmland and got to it though Ireland
01:36
wasn't politically unified they shared
01:38
many elements of art and religion from
01:39
Celtic knots to qu Cullen Irish
01:41
mythology is rad and you can see some
01:43
examples here but there are also all
01:45
manner of gods heroes and some pretty
01:47
bonkers magic too sadly we don't have as
01:49
much information on them as we might
01:50
like because the Irish myth logical
01:52
cycle wasn't codified until centuries
01:54
later and parts of it have since been
01:55
lost plus the stories themselves
01:57
sometimes conflict with one another on
01:59
account of how regional these oral
02:00
traditions were though we today only
02:02
know so much about early Celtic
02:04
Ireland's the picture gets clearer and
02:06
the culture gets richer with Ireland's
02:07
second big arrival Christianity
02:09
Ireland actually got the good end of the
02:11
deal on this one because their
02:12
conversion was peaceful and it didn't
02:14
involve them getting invaded by Rome
02:15
win-win and quite the opposite in fact
02:17
as Irish pirates often found their way
02:19
to the western coast of Rome in Britain
02:20
in one instance a captured young Roman
02:22
lived in Ireland for six years before
02:24
escaping back to Britain and after some
02:26
soul-searching he trained in France to
02:28
become a priest and set back out to
02:29
Ireland in the hopes of converting the
02:30
people to Christianity though he wasn't
02:32
the first missionary to Ireland this st.
02:34
Patrick as you've probably guessed was
02:35
certainly the most consequential the
02:37
dates for his life and career are all
02:38
over the place and there's even a theory
02:40
that st. Patrick is actually an
02:42
amalgamation of two different characters
02:43
but this show is history summarized and
02:45
I am super not qualified to settle very
02:47
much ongoing debates in the academic
02:49
historical community but what we can say
02:51
for certain is that he never drove the
02:53
snakes out of Ireland because Ireland's
02:55
never had snakes that's just a very
02:57
polite code word for pagans and even
03:00
that isn't fully accurate Patrick buddy
03:02
you're killing me here because Celtic
03:04
culture didn't just go away it's a
03:06
classic example of syncretism where the
03:08
goal is to make two disparate cultures
03:09
coexist rather than have one completely
03:11
supplant the other Latin was introduced
03:13
but it was spoken right alongside Irish
03:15
Gaelic monasteries were built all around
03:16
the islands but they were regionally
03:18
autonomous Jesus was the new number one
03:20
buff the old Irish mythology remained
03:22
firmly in the popular conscience best of
03:24
both worlds and the timing of all this
03:26
couldn't have been better because while
03:27
mainland Europe was splintering out into
03:28
dozens of got the kingdoms in the wake
03:30
of the Western Roman Empire's collapse
03:31
Ireland's just got a jolt of new culture
03:33
to play with and about four hundred
03:34
years of complete peace to refine it the
03:37
strongest literary tradition in Europe
03:38
was made in Irish monasteries often
03:40
called script Oriya where accounts of
03:42
old Irish mythology were written
03:43
alongside beautifully decorated
03:45
manuscripts of the Bible all around
03:47
Ireland was known as the Isle of saints
03:49
and scholars and it's because of their
03:51
hard work that so much ancient latin
03:52
work survives today
03:54
Irish missionaries to Europe even laid
03:55
the groundwork for Charlemagne's 9th
03:56
century Renaissance in France it's also
03:58
during this golden age that we see and
04:00
hear two core symbols of Irish culture
04:03
the Celtic cross and the harp the cross
04:05
appears in stone all over Ireland and
04:07
it's a perfect visual metaphor for how
04:09
Celtic Irish culture is literally woven
04:11
into Irish Christianity again all this
04:13
while the rest of Europe was having some
04:15
serious let's call it growing pains
04:18
although Ireland was decentralized in
04:20
both government and religion it enjoyed
04:22
over force
04:22
entries of peace between the numerous
04:24
Twala and no threat of invasion
04:25
unfortunately all good things must come
04:27
to an end and all shiny things must get
04:30
rated by Vikings and speaking of Vikings
04:32
Vikings though Ireland's didn't quite
04:34
get hit as bad as the English and Scots
04:36
one Island over Ireland saw its fair
04:38
share of coastal looting and burning
04:39
monasteries were an easy target because
04:41
of their abundance of treasures like Jen
04:43
Stone cupboard manuscripts and their non
04:44
abundance of defensive fortifications
04:46
the Vikings did however contribute
04:48
Ireland's first cities of Dublin Cork
04:50
Waterford and others settled along the
04:52
islands coasts and as the Vikings got
04:54
comfortable in their cities and chilled
04:55
out enough to stop with a dam rating all
04:57
the time their cities became hubs for
04:59
trade in production ultimately though
05:00
Ireland's much bigger problem for the
05:02
next thousand years would come from
05:03
right across the channel and Oh golly
05:05
gosh would you look at the clock it's
05:07
time to complain about England whoa
05:09
sorry
05:10
professionalism so while Ireland was
05:12
having a good time minding its own
05:13
business and not bothering anyone else
05:15
the anglo-norman x' came over to
05:16
establish the lordship of ireland which
05:18
sounds a lot more complete than it
05:21
actually was
05:22
England held on to the urban population
05:24
centres in the east but because of stuff
05:26
like Wars and plague it was pretty
05:28
patchy for the next five centuries but
05:30
in 1509 Henry the eighth became King and
05:32
decided that he wanted to be a really
05:34
big deal so it's here that things start
05:36
getting rough see Henry converted to
05:38
Protestantism after he got tired of
05:40
killing his wives and wanted to just
05:42
divorce them instead but Ireland
05:43
remained firmly Catholic this displeased
05:46
Henry so he made a new push to colonize
05:48
Ireland and England made steady progress
05:50
in beating up on the Irish taking more
05:52
and more of their land and busting down
05:53
their monasteries and churches
05:54
unsurprisingly the Irish rebelled
05:56
several times in the decade after the
05:58
union of the English and Scottish clans
06:00
in 1603 King James confiscated Irish
06:02
lanes in the northern region of Ulster
06:04
to make way for Scottish colonists to
06:05
start private plantations and this marks
06:07
the start of a couple unfortunate
06:09
defining trends for the next three
06:10
centuries first is the treatment of
06:12
Ireland as a subservient colony and the
06:14
steady seizure of Irish land and also
06:16
the persecution of Catholicism through
06:18
strict social laws in the 17th and 18th
06:20
centuries Irish farmers became tenants
06:22
in their own Island and this process
06:23
only accelerated with the advent of anti
06:25
royalist and civil war extraordinaire
06:27
Oliver Cromwell who murdered his way
06:29
across Ireland during his War of the
06:31
three kingdoms more land was confiscated
06:32
Catholic Irish were forcibly evicted and
06:35
all
06:35
so banned from certain jobs and for the
06:37
next 300 years Ireland was regarded as a
06:39
little more than a conquered colony
06:41
although the anti-catholic laws were
06:42
largely repealed by the turn of the 19th
06:44
century Ireland was still poorer going
06:46
into the 1800s that it had arguably ever
06:48
been as its production and wealth were
06:50
systematically siphoned off to Britain
06:52
only the majority British pockets of the
06:54
island in Dublin and Ulster saw much
06:55
improvement and it was these ulster
06:57
irish who spoke for ireland in the new
06:59
united kingdom's parliament if this all
07:01
sounds short-sighted exploitative and
07:03
extremely fragile you'd be correct but
07:05
wait it only gets worse see Ireland's
07:09
agriculture was well dangerously
07:12
precarious most of their food production
07:14
was beef exports to Britain and that
07:16
didn't leave a whole lot of available
07:17
farmland on Ireland for feeding the
07:19
Irish so the tenant farmers turns to
07:21
potatoes which had by far the most
07:23
nutritional value for the space they
07:25
took to grow not super great that the
07:26
systematic exploitation of their land
07:28
force Catholic Irish to subsist entirely
07:30
on a single food staple for generations
07:32
but at least they're not starving so
07:35
anyway in 1846 the potato blight hit
07:38
Ireland and all of the crops failed so
07:40
people started starving cool the thing
07:44
is potato crops were going rotten all
07:46
across America and Europe Ireland was
07:48
just the only place where potatoes were
07:50
the only option but with a crisis at
07:52
hand Parliament acted swiftly to provide
07:54
rations and relief - I'm just kidding
07:57
parliamentarians in London insisted that
07:59
the reports of famine were completely
08:01
overblown and refused to divert
08:02
resources for aid help did slowly
08:04
arrived but it was predicated on putting
08:07
Ireland through economic reforms to
08:08
modernize their infrastructure yeah
08:10
because that's exactly what Ireland was
08:13
asking for not food god no please a fair
08:17
mercantilism way to read the room guys
08:19
eventually the blight passed and things
08:21
slowly returns to normal
08:25
but not before 1 in 7 people died of
08:27
starvation and 1 in 4 fled to places
08:29
like America this would be why New York
08:31
and Boston has big Irish communities
08:33
that materialized out of nowhere in the
08:34
late 1840s and we're you know and real
08:37
quick before we move on to the 1900s
08:38
it's not a coincidence that the area's
08:40
least affected by the famine were the
08:42
Protestant parts and if that wasn't bad
08:43
enough Britain was also busy shutting
08:45
down the last remaining hedge schools
08:46
that taught Greek and Latin to Catholic
08:48
kids
08:48
for this Ireland's Catholicism had
08:50
produced the longest continuous
08:51
tradition of Greek and Latin anywhere on
08:54
earth but God forbid kids who aren't
08:56
Anglican be allowed to learn gross so
09:00
what to do from here well if you're the
09:02
population of Ireland in the early
09:03
1900's the answer was literally anything
09:06
else and that echoed in a call for Home
09:08
Rule and their own independent
09:10
government however Ulster was still
09:12
fiercely unionist and it almost looked
09:14
like pro-union and Pro Home Rule
09:16
paramilitary groups were going to start
09:18
fighting a battle in World War one
09:19
suddenly became a much more pressing
09:21
issue but on Easter of 1916 Irish
09:24
insurgents occupied government buildings
09:25
in Dublin so the British Army shelled
09:27
them into surrender and then executed
09:29
the rebel leaders this you may guess did
09:31
not sit super-great with the Irish
09:33
public so as soon as the world war was
09:35
over Ireland fought a guerrilla war of
09:37
independence and in 1922 it was granted
09:39
Home Rule as their own free state under
09:41
the British crown and in the late 30s
09:43
and 40s Ireland transitioned into a
09:45
fully independent Republic Ulster
09:47
however opted to stay in the UK and
09:49
became known as Northern Ireland the
09:51
split between north and south came to a
09:52
head in the latter part of the century
09:54
as Northern Irish Catholics still faced
09:56
heavy discrimination and their peaceful
09:58
protests met violent opposition and this
10:00
erupted into the troubles three decades
10:02
of insurgency terrorism and police
10:05
brutality in Northern Ireland as IRA
10:07
irregular fought against ultra volunteer
10:09
forces and British police to end British
10:11
rule in Northern Ireland after some
10:12
3,500 casualties most of them civilian
10:15
the Good Friday Agreement of 1998
10:17
mandated that Northern Ireland could
10:19
vote to unify with through a public at
10:21
any time they liked and that there would
10:22
never again be a hard border on the
10:24
island between north and south
10:26
Oh God not again Oh criminy even when
10:30
Irish history lets up it doesn't let up
10:32
meanwhile the Republic of Ireland
10:34
enacted a series of economic and
10:36
political reforms to lift the country
10:38
out of hundreds of years of poverty and
10:39
today the people of Ireland are safer
10:41
richer better fed and freer to express
10:44
their religion than they've been in
10:45
centuries it's distressing to see
10:47
Ireland so cruelly oppressed for so long
10:49
but it's inspiring to see the past
10:51
centuries reclamation of Irish culture
10:53
and their long deserved independence in
10:55
Ireland history is never far away the
10:57
legacy of their centuries long golden
10:59
ages everywhere from the Celtic Cross to
11:01
the Irish language and the painful
11:02
memory of the Great Famine has motivated
11:04
Ireland's to become a world's leader in
11:06
international food aid and I will gladly
11:08
raise a pints to that in ancient Ireland
11:11
monks had to copy entire manuscripts by
11:13
hand but now it's never been easier to
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today thank you so much for watching
12:15
it's rare that I get to do a full 2000
12:17
years in one video but it's fun to take
12:19
a really really big picture look from
12:21
time to time still there was a ton of
12:23
medieval history that I had to cut for
12:24
time so if you're curious to learn more
12:25
I really encourage you to dig in if you
12:28
want to keep the conversation going hop
12:29
on over to our official OSP discord
12:31
channel links in the description and
12:32
I'll see you next time
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